M2 – Discuss Two Major Theories of Ageing in Relation to the Development of Your Chosen Individual.

[pic] BTEC Extended National Diploma in Health and Social Care (Social Care) Unit 4 †Development through the Life Stages Assignment Title: Lecturer: Rebecca Drozd Room †Email †You will likewise need to: †¢ Word handled your work †¢ Include your name, pin and page numbers in a footer †¢ Use Harvard Referencing System in your work including a reference list †¢ Provide proof of more extensive examination by utilizing different sources, e. g. sites, diaries, course readings. †¢ 1. 5 line space †¢ Use 12pt text dimension (Arial or Comic Sans) †¢ Please carry this Assignment Brief with you to each lesson.Launch date: First Submission date: Second accommodation date: | |You are an analytical correspondent on a VIP magazine. You have been approached to find all that you can about the improvement | |of a well known individual of your decision. | Task One Produce a reality document which unmistakably depicts the physical, scholarly, enthusiasti c and social advancement for every one of the existence phases of a person to incorporate pertinent pictures, diagrams and outlines (P1) Grading Tip | |Your actuality record needs to remember data for the accompanying: | |Life stages: origination; pregnancy; birth and early stages †0-3 years; youth †4-9 years; pre-adulthood †10-18 years; adulthood †19 |-65 years; more seasoned adulthood; 65+; the last phases of life | |Definitions: development; improvement; formative standards; formative achievements; life course; development; future | |Development; all encompassing turn of events; physical, scholarly, language, passionate and social at every life stage; expected causes and | |effects of deferred and captured improvement | Expand your reality record to remember a conversation for the nature-support banter according to the improvement of your individual (M1) Add a composed assessment on how nature and sustain may influence the physical, scholarly, passionate and s ocial improvement of two phases of the advancement of your picked individual (D1) Grading Tip | |Use the accompanying watchwords: | |Nature-sustain banter: key standards; organic programming; the impacts of encounters versus heredity; development hypothesis | Task Two | |Your manager at the magazine has now requested that you research the existence variables and life occasions that have affected the improvement of this | |celebrity. | Develop your reality record further, and clarify the possible impacts of five diverse life factors on the advancement of the individual (P2) Grading Tip | |Use the accompanying watchwords: | |Life factors: hereditary, eg inclination to specific conditions, cystic fibrosis, coeliac malady, asthma, fragile bone sickness, | |rheumatic illness; organic, eg fetal liquor disorder, maternal diseases, impacts of diet in pregnancy; natural, eg presentation to| |pollution, clammy/packed lodging, access to recreational offices, access to wellbeing and social cons ideration administrations, harassing, family | |dysfunction, impacts of culture, religion and convictions, impacts of separation; financial, eg salary, consumption, training, values | |and perspectives, peer gatherings, business status; way of life, eg nourishment and dietary decisions, liquor admission, use and abuse of substances |Add a composed proclamation that plainly clarifies the impacts of two unsurprising and two erratic significant life occasions on the improvement of your picked individual (P3) |Grading Tip: Your reality document needs to incorporate pertinent pictures, diagrams and graphs. | |Use the accompanying catchphrases: | |Major life occasions: contrasts in actuality of unsurprising and flighty occasions; eg the introduction of a kin, venturing out from home, leaving | |care, departing jail, genuine injury, sickness, beginning school/nursery, starting and evolving work, excess, deprivation, | |marriage, parenthood, separate; the interrelationship between factors. | Launch date:First Submission date: Second accommodation date: Task Three |Vocational Setting: | |Your proofreader is dazzled with your work and has requested that you envision that your picked individual is currently becoming more established. Will they| |still travel so a lot? Will they despite everything like to be shot? What sort of wellbeing and social consideration administrations will they require? Your | |fact document should incorporate a clarification of the physical and mental changes which might be a piece of the maturing process.This| |will expect exploration to locate the pertinent data as your picked individual may not be at this stage. | Expand your reality record to clarify the two speculations of maturing (P4) Discuss two significant hypotheses of maturing according to the advancement of your picked person. (M2) Include an assessment because of two significant hypotheses of maturing on wellbeing and social consideration arrangement. (D2) For your picked individual , clarify the impacts of physical and mental changes which might be related with maturing (P5) and talk about the consequences for confidence and fearlessness of the physical changes related with maturing how those progressions could influence their confidence and certainty. (M3) Grading Tip: | |Use the accompanying catchphrases: | |Physical changes: hormones; menopause; cardiovascular framework, eg atherosclerosis, coronary illness; respiratory framework, eg emphysema, | |chronic obstructive aspiratory ailment; sensory system eg engine neurone sickness, degeneration of the sense organs, degeneration of the nervous| |tissue, intellectual changes,; strong skeletal, eg rheumatoid joint inflammation, osteoarthritis, impacts of degenerative ailment, muscle squandering due | |to poor retention of supplements; skin, eg loss of flexibility, impacts of presentation to bright beams, impacts of smoking; the impacts of | |illnesses that are increasingly normal in maturing | |Psychological chan ges: consequences for certainty; impacts on confidence; consequences for ageism; impacts of, eg job changes, loss of accomplice, | |retirement, expanded relaxation time, budgetary concerns, culture, religion, convictions; speculations of maturing, eg social withdrawal, action | |theory; application to current wellbeing and social consideration arrangement |

How would you direct act 1 scene 3 of Macbeth? Essay

Through this article, I expect to introduce my thoughts concerning how I would coordinate act 1 scene 7 of Macbeth. I will likewise break down the content and clarify what I think it implies. In my play, the two characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth would resemble nothing previously. All through the play, the characters would unmistakably change; in actuality Macbeth and Lady Macbeth would essentially switch rolls. For instance, in any case, Macbeth is delicate, frail of psyche, and it is Lady Macbeth who drives him and pushes him forward. Through this scene, she ought to seem, by all accounts, to be fiendish, even abhorrent, and this ought to particularly hang out in this scene. The point in the scene were I would make this evident, are between the lines 54 †59. Here, woman Macbeth expresses her steadfastness for Macbeth, when she says ‘I have given suck and expertise delicate ’tis to adore the darling that milks me: I would, while it was grinning in my face, have culled my areola from his boneless gums and run the minds out, had I so sworn as you have done to this.’ The manner in which I would coordinate the on-screen character through this is as per the following. I would have her delay between the words ‘smiling’ and ‘in’ to show that the very idea of her child’s face truly has an impact on her, and that she isn't all insidious, in spite of the fact that the knowledge into this side of LM would be so short the crowd should think about whether they even observed it. At that point, the expression ‘dash the minds out’ she would emulate a second, as though she was playing out the demonstration. This is only one case of how I need LM co run over in the play; a fiendish, unnerving and abhorrent, however you ought to have the inclination that she isn’t all awful or maybe, so wasn’t consistently this insidiousness. Afterward however, when Macbeth murders the ruler he out of nowhere changes from frail one, to fiendish one, it ought to nearly create the impression that LM and M exchanged characters as by then LM separates, and turns into the powerless one of the two. In sixteenth c, ladies had an altogether different job to the one they have today. My exploration shows this through a few different ways, however the significant one is that if a man believed a lady to be a potentional inconvenience producer, he would blame her for being a witch, there by having her murdered. This implied ladies couldn’t hang out in any capacity, leaving the duties of picking up respect and capacity to the men. Through the play I need to show this plainly. I will do as such by having LM forceful while it is just she and M. in any case, when they are in other organization, she is peaceful and accommodating just reminding M by shooting him glare after glare. The manner in which individuals acted in the sixteenth c. should appear through the play. For example, respect in the sixteenth c. was a significant piece of society. This will appear through M character in the play, particularly toward the start of act 1 scene 7, when M is making his discourse and telling LM of his choice (to not murder the ruler). I would guide the on-screen character to strain his voice while causing it to show up as though he was attempting to ensure his respect when he says ‘he’s here, in twofold trust:’ and ‘I am his kin’s man and his subject’ then ‘as his host I ought to against his homicide shut the door’. He ought to stress on the words ‘host’, ‘against’ and ‘kin’s man’. By doing this, the entertainer is indicating that if he somehow happened to slaughter the ruler, at that point his respect would be discolored. At the time the play was composed, ruler James 1 was in power. Hence I think the play, was composed as it would significantly engage the lord. †‘The man who murdered his kindred ruler, observe how his life is destroyed!’ I would need this to appear through my play, as I need to keep the play as consistent with the first as conceivable in this regard, as it would give the play anot her layer of profundity and in this way make it all the more intriguing. My adaptation of this scene would be set in a sixteenth c. city, during an enormous blowout facilitated by the Macbeth’s in the downtown area. M is down a side partner when LM goes along with him part path through the scene. All through the scene M and LM are both tense as they are anxious about anybody strolling in on them. The explanation I would set it in the sixteenth c. is on the grounds that respect was a significant piece of society which is one of my fundamental subjects of the play, alongside King James being in power at that point. Additionally in the sixteenth c. network occasions including the whole town/city were normal, making my rendition of act 1 scene 7 superbly practical. The explanation I’ve picked to set it in a city is to fit in with the story yet to make it absolutely extraordinary. It would take into account everybody to get alcoholic including Duncan’s monitor, which understudy permits the homicide to happen in a one of a kind way, with LM and M travailing out ways to come to the king’s quarters. The manner in which this would work is as per the following: the lord would be down steps in one of the houses circumscribing the downtown area, with one other man (his gatekeeper). While every other person is snoozing, drooped over seats and of the like LM and M would quietly advance over the bodies to the downtown area. I would make strain by the music which I would set up and having a portion of the individuals blending all through rest as the Macbeth’s pass. At that point when they at long last come to the king’s quarters, a man is lying over the front entryway making M enter through the window. At that point when M moves through the window into the room where Duncan is sleeping, the lights will diminish leaving, a flame lit sparkle enlightening the room. At the point when the homicide happens the diminish orange sparkle would drastically change to an energetic dark red. All the while a white light will enlighten both of the Macbeth’s faces indicating obviously their appearances. M has a black out smile all over as he takes quality from the demonstration, while LM wilts and becomes by a wide margin the more vulnerable of the two. This is the point in the play where their characters switch. I would need my play to stand apart from the rest, and to do that I would refresh the language. I figure this would enable more youthful understudies, to comprehend the play bringing about a far more extensive crowd. Anyway I wouldn’t need an exceptionally youthful crowd, as it isn't appropriate. Anyway to keep it in subject with the sixteenth c. thoughts I would not have the option to refresh all the language in the play. A case of this would be in act 1 scene 7 where LM states ‘he has nearly supped, why have you left the chamber?’ this would convert into ‘the supper has nearly completed, why have you left the feast?’ This despite everything holds a significant part of the first importance yet it is far more obvious making it progressively charming for certain individuals. Aside from this, I wouldn’t transform whatever else in the play, as I figure it would occupy from the principle story since I would be more centered around the modifications than the story line, in this way diverting from the importance of the play. Shakespeare utilizes this scene to investigate a few subjects. The first of these is respect. I would show this firmly through M before he executes the ruler, and afterward after when he has no respect everything self-destructs in his life. (What befalls him was composed as a notice, to satisfy the ruler). I would show the change from respect to disrespect as depicted before. I would likewise have LM dreadful when she understands that she and her better half have committed a horrendous error. This shows respect is significant and without it you don't have anything. The second subject is the idea of individuals being crafty. This would emanate from LM in this scene. I have picked this as one of my topics as I might suspect I could get a ton across all through the play dependent on this. It counts well with LM’s character-insidious (despite the fact that she uncovers it to M alone). Through act 1 scene 7 I would have LM be exceptionally tense and still, small voice that somebody could over hear their discussion. To accentuate the malevolent side of her I would not just have her talk gradually between the lines 48-59, yet additionally between lines 35-44. I would have her layer her voice with noxiousness and once in a while stopping for impact. This would make a difference between the ideal LM and the ‘evil’ spouse M. the last topic I will have is power and the need the Macbeth’s have for it. To make this topic hang out in act 1 scene 7, I would have LM work on the words ‘wouldst thou have what thou esteem’st the adornment of life,’ these words state, ‘do you not need the most elevated achievement?’ which is the most noteworthy accomplishment of intensity. This shows the ravenousness of influence and riches that LM has and all the while engaging her spouses most noteworthy want influence. In my rendition of act 1 scene 7, the two characters of M and LM will truly show their ‘true colours’. Toward the start of the scene when LM hasn’t yet strolled in, M begins with his monologue. This monologue is the comparable to what M is thinking. He expresses that he doesn’t truly need to execute Duncan when he says ‘not bear the blade myself’ it is now that M completely concludes he won't slaughter Duncan. After this, everything he does is give reasons why it really is great he isn't proceeding with killing him. Through the monologue, M convinces himself not to kill his ruler and ‘kinsman’. He thinks of bunches of explanations behind case the ruler is in ‘double trust’ and he is ‘his host’. This monologue ought to plainly pronounce the state M’s mind is in as he showcases his contemplations to the crowd. The crowd ought to obviously observe that M is entirely shaky and is conflicted between powe r and the best thing. ‘But here upon this Blanc and reef of time, we’d hop the life to come. However, in these considerations we despite everything have judgement’. Anyway basically perusing the words out would not pass on the profundity of significance I wish to pass on. So I would have the entertainer show distress in the initial not many lines. At that point as the discourse goes on M ought to turn out to be gradually more co

CPW Day 3

CPW Day 3 Today was dominated by the Meet The Bloggers Party it was SO great to meet all of you! But before we get to that, the rest of the day Got to MIT early, worked the help desk for a couple of hours. Headed over to the EC workshop (thats Educational Counselor, not East Campus) where I got to meet a bunch of cool MIT alums (some of whom actually read these blogs!). Back to the help desk for most of the afternoon. At 5PM, I headed over to the closing ceremony which concluded with performances from 6 a cappella groups. In true MIT spirit it got hacked (see pic below). All of the groups were fantastic! Next, Matt, Mitra, Kevin and I raided LaVerdes to buy supplies for the MTB party (see pic below). $60 of ice cream and root beer. And most of you know what happened next the bloggers blabbed away for awhile and everyone got to meet each other. Super fun. Almost all of the below pics were taken at the MTB party. And finally, Matt and I stopped by the Battle Of The Bands before leaving for the night. On my way to the T, something *large* blew up near EC (thats East Campus, not Educational Counselor). Big orange glow, lots of smoke, smelled kindof bad. The perfect end to the perfect day. Todays pics are below

The During The Nazi War Essay - 2221 Words

Over the course of the two days on November 9th and 10th in 1938 the Nazi Reign seized the Jewish life and greatly impacted Jewish life for the years to come. Kristallnacht, also known as â€Å"the Night of Broken Glass†, primarily stood for the Nazi party destructing Jewish lifestyles. The Nazi Regime burned down the Synagogues, destructed schools and businesses. Also Kristallnacht implemented the Nuremberg laws and the beginning of concentration camps. Kristallnacht was a significant event that led to a domino effect on Jewish path in history. Kristallnacht was the stepping-stone in which Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Regime was firstly implementing violent acts upon the Jews. Kristallnacht greatly changed living conditions in Germany and helped implement the Final Solution in the time span from 1939 to 1945. Firstly, prior to Kristallnacht, Hitler was a figurehead starting to come into power and spread conspiracy theories against the Jewish Community. In 1933, Hitler s plan to infiltrate Germany and banish the Jewish community was set in place with non-violent approaches. Mass Discrimination Laws and implementation of striping Jewish Rights was beginning to change. Hitler steamrolling the Jewish Community was significantly impactful in leading to Kristallnacht. Ernst Eduard Vom Rath was a Nazi Diplomat who was assassinated in 1938 by Herschel Grynszpan. The significance of this event was to implement the idea and blame of the Jews for the assassination of this Nazi GermanShow MoreRelatedNazi Germany During World War I924 Words   |  4 PagesAfter World War I, Adolf Hitler formed the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda after his rise to power in Germany. 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Movie Report Wild Walls Climbing Gym, Spokane,...

The photographs on the previous page were taken at Wild Walls Climbing Gym in Spokane, Washington. Photo #1 exhibits a climber while on the rock wall, supporting his own weight. Photo #2 displays the system employed by rock climbers to stay safe in the case of a fall. Two photos were taken in order to compare the system while the climber is on the wall and ascending against when the climber has fallen off the wall and is hanging by the rope. In the sport of rock climbing, the goal is, obviously enough, to reach the top. In other words, the challenge is ultimately to surmount the force of gravity. The power to do this is generated by the climber’s muscles, but friction forces also play a key role in making the ascent up a rock face. These†¦show more content†¦The equation for gravitational potential energy near Earth’s surface is U = m*g*h (Walker 395). In this equation, m is the mass of the object in question, which in this case would be the climber. The value g corresponds to the value for gravitational acceleration, which for Earth is 9.81 m/s2, and h is the height of the climber relative to the ground. It is important to note that for consistency within the equation, m is expressed in units of kilograms and height is in meters. This way, when the units are combined we get the answer in terms of kg*m2/s2, which is equivalent to a Joule, the SI derived unit of energy (Walker 191). During a climber’s ascent, the only one of these variables that change is the height value; their mass and the value of g remain constant. There may ostensibly be a very slight exception to this for climbers that achieve extreme heights, as the value of g does change the further an object gets from the center of Earth, but for our purposes this change is negligible. As is clear by evaluating our expression, the height and gravitational potential energy are directly proportional. This means that as a climber reaches greater heights, their gravitational po tential energy also increases. As an example, imagine a climber whose mass including their gear was 75 kilograms. If this climber is 10 meters off of the ground, their gravitational potential energy is

The Wave “Research the original story” Free Essays

The movie ‘The wave’ is based on a true story that occurred at Cubberely High School, Palo Alto, California. The point of the wave was to experiment and to demonstrate how a typical democratic society can be ‘fascism’. This experiment was performed by Ron Jones; his stage name in the movie was Mr Wegner. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wave: â€Å"Research the original story† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both men were well-known as history teachers and this experiment was introduced as a trial in April 1967 and went horribly wrong. As he failed to get his point across in class, he decided to try an experiment. This experiment began by starting the group called ‘The Third Wave’ in his history class; he told the students that the whole point of it was to remove democracy. Ron Jones tried explaining why the Jews were lead to their death; these deaths were committed by the Germans/Nazi (holocaust). Ron Jones’s main point that he appointed was â€Å"Strength through discipline, strength through community, strength through action, strength through pride†. The students soon realised that Democracy puts stress on individuality, which later made these students more interested to remove it from their group ‘The Third Wave’. On the first day of the experiment the group was just going through some ground rules and having discussion. The experiment only intended on being a one day thing but the students were drawn in and wanted to make this over a week. The second day was going over discipline, and this is when the name ‘The Third Wave’ came into it. The name â€Å"The Third Wave†, mis-stating the mythical belief that the third in a series of ocean waves is last and largest (which comes from a traditional sailors’ saying that the ninth wave is the largest, as recited in Tennyson’s The Coming of Arthur). They ended the day by inventing a salute, which was to resemble the topic of the Nazi regime, and how to obey the leader and his commands. To show respect to the ‘leader’ the students had to stand if a question was raised. By the third day more students were moving to Ron Jones class, the class expanded from 30 students to 43. The students were improving on their academic skills and their attitude towards school. The students became attached to the group ‘The third Wave’ when they were given a members card and all got a task given to complete. The students felt like they belonged to something, many for the first time in their lives. By the end of the day ‘The Third wave’ had over 200 members. Ron Jones was amazed by the commitment and motivation from the students. The students started taking the experiment seriously and students started reporting others when rules were being broken, By Thursday Ron Jones had decided to stop the movement due to it slipping out of his control. The students became so attached; emotionally and physically, this became an issue. Ron Jones announced to the group that the movement was a part of a nationwide movement, and that on the following day a selected member of the wave would announce publicly the existence of ‘The Third Wave’. Ron jones made it clear to all students, that the attendance of the meeting held the next day was compulsory. In the meeting that was held on the Friday, Ron Jones announced to ‘The Third Wave’ that they had actually taken part in a fascism group without even knowing. He explained to them, how easy it is to turn a democracy society into fascism without the students even being aware of their actions. He then followed by showing a movie about the Nazi regime, the students then realised that the groups’ attitude was a lot like the Nazi’s attitude and that Democracy is extremely important. In the movie and books it suggests that Ron Jones was arrested but in fact he wasn’t, he was just fired from the job 2 years later. Ron Jones didn’t expect the experiment to get so out of hand. The story line of ‘The Third Wave’ caught the eye of many film writers and authors; later on it became a much more dramatic storyline. How to cite The Wave: â€Å"Research the original story†, Essays

Conceptual Framework or Structure Development †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Conceptual Framework or Structure Development. Answer: Introduction: A business model is a conceptual framework or structure that works to provide support to product viability or the viability of a company. The business model includes goals and the purpose of a company and how it will plan to achieve them. All the business policies and the business process that a company follows and adopts are part of the business model. The business model is a description that how a company captures, delivers, creates the value for its customer and also for itself. Due to the emergence of a computer, the usage of the business model also came forth (Harvard Business Review., 2018a). Literature review on the Business model and disruption- a Business model is a term which has been used for several years. From the beginning of a business, the companies try to innovate. Define and create the business models from the initiation of the business. The term business model was first coined by a financial journalist named Michael Lewis. He predicted that the companies in future will be based on the business models that will be connected to the internet. Business models have no fixed and formal connection with the theories in economics. It is really hard to designate the components and the processes that will be necessary for the business and defines the values of a company fundamentally. Business models are also considered by some authors as a model for making money. According to some authors, a business model is an economic concept that will create produce costs and revenues. The business model is a system of activities and resources, that creates the values which are use ful for the customers and in turn generates revenues for the company (Slavik Bednr, 2014). Disruptive innovation is a management term that describes an innovation with respect to the value and market network and this eventually leads to the displacement of the established market alliances, market products. Innovative production and the production systems are based on the new technologies that help in competition to gain the sustained differentiation. Technological advancements have resulted in the companies to establish their business. This has also resulted in the emergence of threats to the established business as well. specifically, this is valid for a certain type of disruptive technology like the Additive Manufacturing. Addictive manufacturing is considered to displace the conventional manufacturing technology and also at the same time open up other types of possibilities in future. Disruptive technologies are the ones that are ones that have a far-reaching effect on the value creation and future structure of the business. It is also important to note that the disruptive technologies differ a lot from the sustaining technologies. With respect to the traditional form of the performance criteria, the established products underperform through the disruptive technologies (Amshoff et al., 2015). Analysis of threats and opportunities Dominos Pizza restaurants caused by the advancement of the smart connected products- In the fast food service industry, the connected technology has found its place. The Dominos pizza has now taken into account the IoT deployment and also help in improving the management process (Harvard Business Review, 2018b). The internet of Things also assists in the predictive maintenance, customer satisfaction, food safety and temperature monitoring. Total Connect Now Operations Performance Suite (TCNOPS) is built with respect to the needs of a company (VoIP-Info., 2018). It has the highest Quality Routing Protocol broadband connection, this suite helps in bringing the Small and mid-size businesses to come together in this connected age. This leads to a real-time monitoring system which is proactive and full-fledged. Working with a lot of the hardware vendors which includes the Zen and Samsung has led to the effective build of the restaurants with the optim al levels of the internet of things deployment for the customers and the clients, it also ensures that the restaurants operate in accordance with the regulatory compliances. Previously, the restaurants used to rely on the workers to control the temperature manually by keeping a note on the temperature variance. This results in noncompliance and the company have to pay the hefty price. This is a scenario for one restaurant and can be worse if there are 100 restaurants. The presence of the real-time temperatures displayed is great for the assistant and the store managers. The temperature monitoring system even gets better when it sends the alerts to the upper management system (Planet Retail, 2018). The implementation of the Internet of things has led to the task automation. This includes the monitoring the store temperature and also monitoring the temperature of the exhaust systems, refrigeration system, and the production tables. The information collected is then fed into the wallboard display of the visual performance software suite. Data is provided along with the other real-time and historical data which includes the local weather, telephone line status and staff performance. The temperature alerts provide a chance to avert major accidents. Beyond temperature monitoring for the purpose of compliance and food safety, the deployment of the internet of things also includes the incorporation of the smart thermostats for controlling the ambient temperature control and the smart building functionality. The TCNOPS has the real-time alerts that help to monitor the when the door of the freezer is kept open for too long and for the purpose of proactive maintenance offers a predictive analysis. The deployment of the TCNOPS is very attractive and it only includes the 150 dollars per month (IoT Agenda, 2018). The threats arising from the implementation of the internet of things is the loss of jobs, over-reliance on the technology and the breach of privacy. The privacy issues are a big question and it relates to who controls the internet of things? There are glitches and errors that occur consistently within this technology and the also includes the risk of breaching the privacy of the consumer data. The over-reliance is one of the biggest faults of the internet of things. Nos system is error and fault free, thus depending too much on a single technology may lead to devastation in the future. The final threat is the more devices that get connected to the internet, the number of jobs will be lost. The automated tasks within the purview of the internet of things will lead to fewer prospects of employment (Internet Of Things, 2018). Business model framework by Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010)- The 4 different pillars include the product pillar, customer interface pillar, infrastructure management pillar, financial aspects pillar. The product pillar has the value proposition model element: Domino's Pizza serves pizza and the associated food products via its restaurants and the home delivery provisions (Dominos.com.au., 2018b). The customer interface provides with the 4 different business model element: customer segments- the segments of the customer that Dominos especially focuses ranges from age 6 to 60 years; channels- the customers are connected via the SMS, emails, telephone calls and app queries; Customer relationships- the link via which the Dominos tries to establish itself with the customer is the quality pan pizzas. The infrastructure management includes the following business model elements: key resources- the key resources are the different constituents of a pizza and the different suppliers through whic h Dominos maintains its stock; Key activities- the key activities ranges from the opening of the restaurants that serve Pizzas and home delivery of the pizzas according to the demand for home delivery (Dominos.com.au., 2018a); key partners- the key partner is the IFTTT inclusive that helps to provide the real-time tracking of the pizza delivery. The financial aspects pillar provides with 2 business model element: revenue streams- the Domino's pizza makes money via the online order through the app and earn revenues via serving pizzas via its fast food restaurants; cost structure- a Domino's pizza store costs around 450,000 dollars and also includes an initial franchise fee of 60,000 dollars (Dominosfranchise.com.au., 2018). Business model perspectives- Business models as a profit formula: Domino's pizza sales have increased 5 times since the year 2005 and the revenue earning has increased 7 times. The shares at the same time have increased by 30 times. The issues price has increased by 2.20 dollar. According to the network of the company, the Domino's Australian franchise has experienced profitability. The Domino's pizza focuses on the profit formula and emphasizes on the selling a pizza for 5 dollars by delivering pizza within 10 minutes. The products are sold with added discounts which also help in earning more profit (Financial Review. (2018). Business models as the value proposition- the core value proposition of Domino's pizza is the fast delivery of the pizza. Domino's provides the assurance of delivering the pizza within a 30-minute deadline and the company also charges extra money for a super-fast delivery of pizza within the deadline of 10 minutes (dominos, 2018). Thus from the above study, it can be concluded that the smart integration of the internet of things into the fast food restaurants of Domino's pizza has led to the increase in the efficiency of the fast food restaurants. The effective monitoring of the temperature in the restaurants has led to the effective management of the perishable goods. Finally, the two business models that are for the study are the business model for value proposition and business model for profit formula. Reference Amshoff, B., Dlme, C., Echterfeld, J., Gausemeier, J. (2015). Business model patterns for disruptive technologies. International Journal of Innovation Management, 19(03), 1540002. dominos. (2018). dominos. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://www.dominos.co.in/hot-pizza-30-minutes-delivery-guarantee-at-dominos-get-pizza-hot Dominos.com.au. (2018a). Domino's Pizza | Order Pizza Delivery Online | Food Delivery Takeaway. Dominos.com.au. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://www.dominos.com.au/ Dominos.com.au. (2018b). Domino's Corporate - Domino's Pizza. Dominos.com.au. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://www.dominos.com.au/inside-dominos/corporate Dominosfranchise.com.au. (2018). Domino's Franchise Australia - FAQ. Dominosfranchise.com.au. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://www.dominosfranchise.com.au/frequently-asked-questions Financial Review. (2018). Domino's Pizza system profits under spotlight. Financial Review. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://www.afr.com/business/retail/dominos-pizza-franchise-system-under-spotlight-20160707-gq0jxa Harvard Business Review. (2018a). What Is a Business Model?. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://hbr.org/2015/01/what-is-a-business-model Harvard Business Review. (2018b). How Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Competition. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://hbr.org/2014/11/how-smart-connected-products-are-transforming-competition Internet Of Things. (2018). Internet of Things Advantages and Disadvantages - Internet Of Things. Internet Of Things. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://internetofthings.net/internet-of-things-advantages-disadvantages/ IoT Agenda. (2018). Domino's Pizza IoT deployment delivers temp monitoring, food safety. IoT Agenda. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/feature/Dominos-Pizza-IoT-deployment-delivers-temp-monitoring-food-safety Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley Sons. Planet Retail. (2018). DOMINOS PIZZA monitors temperature with IoT tech. Planet Retail. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://www.planetretail.net/NewsAndInsight/Article/158763 Slavik, S., Bednr, R. (2014). Analysis of business models. Journal of competitiveness, 6(4). VoIP-Info. (2018). Welcome to the VOIP Wiki - a reference guide to all things VOIP. - VoIP-Info. VoIP-Info. Retrieved 17 April 2018, from https://www.voip-info.org/

Population Distribution in China and the UK Essay Example

Population Distribution in China and the UK Essay In China, the population is concentrated along the coast of China. The population densities are at least twenty five people per km ² and in some areas, greater than one thousand people per km ². In the United Kingdom, the population is concentrated in two areas, the south east of the UK, London, and the lower central area of the UK which is the Manchester and Birmingham area. The population density of these areas ranges from three hundred and fifty to six hundred people and over per km ².China is heavily populated in Hong Kong, Beijing and Shanghai, which are all located on China’s coast. The areas mentioned above all have a booming economy which have attracted investors and have created more jobs. These new people chose to live close to their jobsite which is most likely in the mentioned cities which have then caused the dense population density in China. Trade is another factor because the ports in China are among the largest ports in the world for both cargo volume an d container traffic. This trading opportunity has been taken advantage of by many people thus creating a â€Å"Chain Reaction† which is creating more shipping and transport companies which creates more jobs and in turn causes more people to flock to the cities. The rainfall also is greater in the heavily populated areas thus creating more water for consumers and for agricultural lands.The mountainous areas are sparsely populated, in most cases because of little rainfall, extreme weather, slow economy, less job opportunities, hardly any transportation and little resources. In the far north west of China, there is some average to dense population where numbers ranging from twenty five to nine hundred and ninety nine people per km ². This is because of the rivers from the nearby mountains creating a water supply and the rainfall is sufficient. Also the lands in this area are close to flat land making transportation an ease.In the United Kingdom, the south eastern coast is one out of the two most populated areas is London. London was the biggest city from 1831 to 1925. London, at this time was one of the most developed cities of that era which incited immigration for either a better standard of life or better job opportunities. As time passed the immigrants began reproducing and boosting the population density. Also, London’s port is among the biggest ports of the world which encourages more imports and exports which increases the UK’s economy which then creates the â€Å"Chain Reaction† mentioned above. Moving to Manchester and Birmingham, this area is very historic area also so it attracts many tourists who eventually migrate to this part of the UK. Here also has a thriving economy which originates from trade, tourism and resources. The thriving economy will also create the â€Å"Chain Reaction†Moving further north of the UK, there is a sparse density of people in these areas, mainly because these areas are mountainous. In th e mountains, limited types of crops and animals can be grown and reared because of the weather. The weather is very harsh and temperatures are very low. Transport is not easily accessible form mountainous areas thus causing not very livable conditions for people residing here.I think that in both countries, the physical factors are more important because the countries both have coastal features which some of the biggest ports in the world are built. Trade plays a significant role in both countries’ economy which causes the â€Å"Chain Reaction† mention earlier, and a better standard of living thus increasing the population densities in the cities. Dense cities such as London are built right along the river Thames which also sparks opportunities for settlements being made. Sparse areas are usually sparse because of the unlivable conditions due to rainfall, mountains and temperature.

Report Writing on a Paintball Game Essays

Report Writing on a Paintball Game Essays Report Writing on a Paintball Game Essay Report Writing on a Paintball Game Essay Essay Topic: The Most Dangerous Game Yesterday at 3:30 pm was Jonny’s last strike as he had shot his mother. This action had only seemed as an accident, but as we confronted him it would only seem as an unlikely act that had taken place because of the objective of the game, or is it? Tune into the rest of this article to find out the real objective behind this setup. The legendary twenty-first century game of paintball co-exists as a way of enlightening the players of the dangers of being at war. The fun loving sport is a thrilling experience one should have if he is able to. The sport requires excellence in agility and the ability to make decisions on a quick note, as well as teamwork risking the life of others. Paintball technology is also used by military forces, law enforcement, Para-military and security organizations to supplement military training, riot response, and non-lethal suppression of dangerous suspects. Jonny Kapalo, the amateur paintball player, from West Kentucky had his eyes set on the joy of shooting in the mexcian home grounds of paintball, as one of the best ten places for paintballing. The game started at the crack of dawn when the teams split up. There were the Rottweilers and the meerkats. The players were to play in the paint-stained quagmire. The first game was ‘capture the flag’ and the meerkats (also known as Jonny’s team) had a good run since the game was theirs for the taking. The win was won by for his heroic dash for the flag which was quite a cheeky move, as his teammates distracted the adversary by covering for him. The second game was search and destroy, which consisted of four targets. The seekers of the game had a terminator of a man code name the ‘Predator’. The imprudent Jonny took the game as a joke and a couple of his teammates took into account of his plan of shooting the Predator. The error of this childish prank is that the Predator takes no hostiles even if it is caused by mutiny among his own teammates. At the count of three, with the predator in front of the scouting group, Jonny and his friends made their move, consequently, the more experienced player got the best of them and Jonny’s team was disqualified on the account of the uprising to the Predator. The third and final game was the team death match. This game has obvious objectives which are that you get terminated if you run out of paintballs or if you get shot. Each player was low on ammo and the last thing they wanted was to end the game. So each player had to examine their surroundings to look for places that could not be seen by the enemy. Jonny had thought of hiding behind a bush, to stalk his next victim. The unsuspecting detail of his hideout was unseen by the enemy. The next victim was to be his very own mother which was to be the most unlikely person to walk by. The poor woman was shot head to toe with suppressing shots. When she declared herself to be out of the game, Jonny crept back into hiding to wait for his next victim. But shortly afterwards the game was over and the Rottweilers won 2-1. We asked a few comments from Jonny and here is what he said, â€Å"The game was a game and I did not know that my mother would come out of cover and I would shoot her which was actually pretty awkward considering how well she could use a gun. Jonny’s mother had also shared her comments with us on how the game appealed to her. â€Å"The game was quite exciting, as an ex-marine I was born to be on the front line. The experience was a good one and it was great to see Jonny walking up my footsteps. † To me as a viewer the game was exhilarating and thrilling to watch, and informs me on the aspects of war and arts. This can stimulate a great exp erience which cannot be missed if one is able to afford. In my opinion Jonny’s mother forfeited the win to her son by exposing her cover.

Controling the Scene of a Terrorist Attack and Potential Secondary Essay

Controling the Scene of a Terrorist Attack and Potential Secondary Hazards - Essay Example The first people to respond are police officers, paramedics, firefighters and concerned citizens. They are the quickest ones to reach the scene, and this can be dangerous because terrorists do not just blow things up without a plan. It takes time and preparation to pull of a terror plot. Establishing and maintaining control of a terrorist scene and the surrounding area is most important. Relevant authorities should designate their duties and work simultaneously with the rescue workers. For example, the police should work on crowd control while the paramedics and the fire fighters tend to the wounded and the trapped. Terrorists usually wish to inflict as much pain and suffering as possible, so they plan their attacks with a clear objective. To achieve this, they set up dummies and traps, and if they are ruthless they may set off other devices in different locations simultaneously. Some of the traps set could include trip wires, landmines, booby traps and explosives attached to pressur e plates. The bombing of Oklahoma City was the most devastating terrorist attack in the United States. That was until the September 11 attacks. The figures from this attack were appalling. The number of fatalities was 168, casualties 680, destroyed buildings 324 and 86 burned cars. The total damage was estimated at 652 million dollars (Clinton, 2010). During the course of the rescue operation, the rescue operators found another device buried in the debris that was marked â€Å"live†. They called the relevant authorities and refused to leave until all the people in the adjacent buildings and the crowds that had gathered were evacuated. When it was done, the bomb was found to be inert and was not armed. It was later determined that it was intentionally left there to create a diversion. This diversion caused the rescue workers to get distracted for a while since the rescue operation had been halted to allow for the disposal of the secondary

Is racism and anti-semitism still a problem in the United States Assignment

Is racism and anti-semitism still a problem in the United States - Assignment Example The root causes of racism and anti-Semitism are derived from the ideology of the white man’s burden that continues to be the hallmark of white supremacy. In addition, one cannot diminish the fact that America was founded upon the idea of â€Å"melting pot.† Racism and anti-Semitism are prevalent in American society due to enactment of affirmative action, ethnic profiling post September 11, and the vague existence of the KKK, Racism and anti-Semitism still exist in American society due to the fact that affirmative action legislatures were enacted to give minorities an opportunity for employment. Anti-affirmative action enables minorities to be embedded in the work and schools so society does not discriminate against them. Majority of the executives in the American Society are dominated by male executives. Racism is also founded due to the economic status of some minorities. Many Americans feel as if they would be unemployed as minorities will continue to take their curre nt posts. According to CNN, in 2004 the percentage of Americans living under the poverty level was 12.5%. Without these laws, companies and schools can easily discriminate to Racism and anti-Semitism no doubt continue to still exist in American society after the attacks in September 11 that has lead to unfair racial profiling. After the attacks in September 11, Muslims and Jews have became a target group for racial and ethnic profiling. Many US citizen Muslims were detained, deported or sent to Guantanamo Bay for felonies and crimes that they never committed. According to ADL, a survey conducted â€Å"revealed that while 44% of foreign-born Hispanics hold hardcore anti-Semitic beliefs, 20% of Hispanic Americans born in the U.S. fall into the same category.† Furthermore, the government itself continues to propagate against the Muslims and created barriers for the general public to learn more about Islam. Racism and anti-Semitism undoubtedly are still part of American society a s they are depicted through the existence of the KKK. The KKK was an organization that was initiated after the civil war to embed fear, blackmail into minorities. Many joined the KKK as a push to solidify the concept of white supremacy along with showing their patriotism. Although the existence of KKK is vague, the organization continues to impact American society. According to Spartacus Educational, â€Å"On 17th May, 2000, the FBI announced that the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Bombing had been carried out by the Ku Klux Klan splinter group, the Cahaba Boys.† Undoubtedly, racism will continue to haunt the American society for decades to come and impact the future generations of America. The American generation must continue to fight racism in many ways and accept the diversity that America was founded upon. Ignorance and self-hatred must be abolished in order to understand the beauty of diversity As young generation grows older, it is vital that they stop history from re peating itself by propagating against anti-Semitism and racism. Works Cited Anti-Semitism on the Rise in America -- ADL Survey on Anti-Semitic Attitudes Reveals 17 Percent of Americans Hold "Hardcore"

A Raisin in the Sun the American Dream

A Raisin in the Sun the American Dream Abstract The American is defined by reaching the top no matter who you are or where you come from. In the ‘50s this dream revolved around materialistic values. This play focuses on a family with each member having a different dream and their journey as an African Americans. Walter, Mamas son learns the meaning of pride and keeping what his father has earned is more important than money. The play focuses on supporting each other through rough times and learning to love. In the end, they achieve their American dream despite the color of their skin. A Raisin in the sun The American Dream The American dream in the 50s was close to materialism. The ownership of consumer goods was believed to bring joy into a familys life. This stereotypical view governs the dream of one of the main characters in Lorraine Hansberrys play. The title of the play is based on â€Å"Harlem† by Langston Hughes, a poem that raises a question about a dream that is deferred. â€Å"Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or does it explode?† (Rampersad, 1995, pg. 426) There are three main characters and all three of them of have dreams that have been prolonged for too long. A Raisin in the Sun is about the rocky journey they go through to acquire their dreams. The Youngers family has just received a $10,000 dollar check for their dead fathers life insurance policy. They live in a two bedroom apartment on the black side of town in Chicago. Racial prejudices against blacks in that era and a low income are the root of conflict in the family. Mama, deceased Mr. Youngers widow wishes to buy a house and fulfill the dream she once saw with her husband. Beneatha, Mamas daughter, hopes to find her identity through looking towards true African heritage. Walter, Mamas son, wishes to one day become rich. He wants to replenish his marriage and provide his son with all the opportunities he never had growing up. Walter wants to invest money in the liquor business with a few of his friends. Although the idea appalls Mama at first, she trusts and supports her son with his decision. The night before making the investment Walter tells his son about the business transaction he about to make while tucking him into bed. He tells the little boy that their lives will change soon and paints an elaborate and vivid picture of the future. He tells his son that when hes seventeen years old hell come home and park the Chrysler in the driveway. The gardener will greet him and when hes inside the house hell kiss his wife and come up to his sons room to see him browsing through brochures of the best colleges in America. He then tells his son that he will give him whatever he wants. Although Walter is somewhat materialistic in what he wants at the core he just wants a happy family and a son who should have all the chances he never had. During this time Mama buys a house to fulfill the dream she saw with her hu sband; the only one she can afford is in a white suburban neighborhood. Mr. Lindner a man from the neighborhood comes to the Younger house trying to convince them to not destroy the white community. He offers a lot of money in exchange for their acceptance. Meanwhile Walter looses all the money he has invested in the liquor store because I friend has run away with it. When he looses the majority of their financial resources the entire family falls into a deeper level of depression. At this time, Walter decides to take the money the white man has to offer. The thought of selling away their right vexes Mama, Walters sister and his wife. They detest Walter for dealing with his dead fathers money so easily and feel that he has lost his soul when he days we wants to be bought out by the white Mr. Lindner. Ultimately, loosing everything they have unites them because at the last moment Walter changes his mind about taking money from Mr. Lindner. Walter tells him that they have moved into the house because their father earned it for them. He continues by saying that they dont want to disturb the neighborhood peace or protest for bigger causes, and that theyd be nice neighbors. He tells Mr. Lindner that he doesnt want the money. At this moment the entire familys spirits are lifted and they are proud of the decision Walter has made. This act of standing by your family to achieve the American dream of succeeding no matter who you are and where you come from unites them. They learn to support each other and put their families before their own. By owning a house, having a high morale, and the support of their family, each of them is on their way to fulfill their American dream. References Foulis, Rhona (2005, March, 14). A Raisin in the Sun. Retrieved March 8, 2008, from Culture Wars Web site: http://www.culturewars.org.uk/2005-01/raisin.htm Potter , G and Struss, Joe. (2002, April, 02). Iowa State University. Retrieved March 8, 2008, from ISU Play Concordances Web site: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~spires/concord.html Rampersad, A (Ed.). (1995). The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc..

Development of Speech Perception

Research had identified the foremost accomplishment of infancy and early childhood, and they are referring to language development. The milestones of linguistic achievement have been documented across cultures and suggest that infants follow a set of universal stages both in speech production and speech perception. On the stages in speech production shown by young infants in American English and other languages; a universal progression from cooing (1 to 4 months), to babbling (5 to 10 months), to meaningful speech (10 to 18 months) is shown (Ferguson, Menn, & Stoel-Gammon, 1992).Visual and auditory development is related with the development of speech perception. Infant vision is not that developed when they are born. They can see blurry vision but enable them to perceive familiar faces from unfamiliar ones. The infant is somewhat farsighted and has some degree of astigmatism because the retina is not yet fully developed. Newborn babies tend to have poor fixation capability, they hav e limited ability to discriminate color, limited visual fields, and an estimated visual acuity of somewhere between 20/200 and 20/400. ( http://www. tsbvi. edu/Education/infant/)Although visual progressions with infant are not that fully developed, it has been noted that they can recognize familiar faces already, especially with their mothers compared with strangers. As their visual perception improves, they begin to identify familiar faces especially the immediate families and began to respond my smiling to them. Infants started to become aware of his environment and begin to explore his world by gazing and started to become amaze with different colors especially the brighter ones compared before that they only see things in black and white.Aside from the visual perception, auditory system plays a vital role in speech development. Auditory system is more matured compared with visual system. It even started when baby is still inside the womb, when they recognize various sounds insid e the womb and even outside his environment like people voices, shower, and music. Thus, both visual and auditory leads to speech perception, and this even started when they are still fetuses, inside their mothers’ womb. Fetuses can even recognize their mothers’ voice, but not that familiar with their fathers’ voices.When the mother tells a story and sings to her unborn baby, when the baby is born and hears the story and music he hears he becomes familiar to it, and prefers to listen over and over again. It simply explains that familiarity to certain aspect plays an important role to infants learning. Newborns way of reacting to certain situations is through actions and making sound. When they are hungry or wet, they cry to let the mothers know what they need. When they like something they starts to smile and coo (like ah’s and oh’s).As infants started to grow, their speech also developed. They even began to babble, imitating how people speak. Thei r first few words could be â€Å"mama† or â€Å"dada† because they are already familiar with these words, and they are able to adapt and be able to express it by themselves. They can even respond to comforting tones, can distinguish recognizable voices and also responsive to changes in tone of voice, and to sounds other than speech. By the time they become toddlers, they can now speak and be able to convey what they want.Most of the words they know comes from the people within the environment, thus a good environment is encouraged to enable toddlers to learn â€Å"good† words. Because what they hear mostly, they adapt it and learned from it. Toddlers enjoy listening to music and even sing and dance to it. They like hearing stories and when accompanied with different tones of voice they become more amazed to it. They can already distinguish different body parts, and can name pictures in the book when asked. By the time they are already 3 – 4 years old, the y tend to ask questions and become more interested with several things.They begin to explore their own world by role playing, interacting with other kids and even conversing with adults. They start to combine 4 – 5 words and can make simple sentences. (â€Å"Child Development, p. 1067) now clearly express how they feel because they can already convey how they feel and they are easy to understand. When kids reached the age of 4 or 5, basic vocabulary and grammar have already been learned, this will continue to develop especially when they started to go to school.New words will be learned, although they are bombarded with more words they are able to perceive and learn from it. Slowly, their speech system has made a progress within few years. Families and environment are important factors in shaping one’s character through his speech. Speech not only pertains to what is being said rather it can also affect one’s character. A good character shines through his words , if it is filled with goodness and love, thus wisdom through his words could be attained to it. References: Cheour, M. Milestones of language development Development of Visual and Auditory Systems in Early Childhood Judith C. Goodman and Howard C. Nusbaum (1994)The Development of Speech Perception:The Transition from Speech Sounds to Spoken Words.The MIT Press Kuhl, P. K. (1983). Perception of auditory equivalence classes for speech in early infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 263–285. Child Development, July/August 2004, Volume 75, Number 4, Pages 1067–108 http://www.tsbvi.edu/Education/infant/page7.htm http://www.hip.atr.co.jp/departments/Dept1/progress96/node14.html   

Energy Drinks as an Emerging Social Problem Essay

It seems like there is a new drink on the markets that I beginning to stir some questionable issues on health issues. It does not contain alcohol, but simply is packed with sugar and caffeine. Energy drinks are â€Å"in† right now thanks to the media advertising and trying to sell their products. Debate has been stirred on whether anyone should be drinking these drinks, especially young adults and children. The stimulants contained within energy drinks can disrupt the hearts rhythm, elevate heart rates, cause hypertension, anxiety, headaches, interrupted sleep patterns and in some rare cases can lead to seizures. All of the combined ingredients in energy drinks and their effect are still not fully researched and unknown of the consequences, but definitely it has been figured out that energy drinks are NOT good for the body. What is now just an issued because â€Å"according to doctors† ; might later turn into laws where there has to be an age limit to be able to buy energy drinks. More than likely they won’t become illegal, but there will be a restriction on them for the safety of the younger population in the United States. As mentioned earlier drinking energy drinks is started to become a problem because doctors played the role of claimsmakers. Right now they are trying to convince the general public that something is wrong and something needs to be done about it. To them, consuming energy drinks is a â€Å"troubling condition†. Because of this discovery that energy drinks are bad for the body, the media began to cover this issue. It is not a big issue right now and cannot be described as a social problem because this emerging social problem has really only gotten to the media coverage stage. Time will still tell what the public reaction is going to be. Right now it seems like there has been no reaction to this issue. There are still 3 stages this emerging social problem need to go through; policy making, social problems work, and policy outcome. The claimsmakers have used typifying examples to try to show that energy drink consumption really is a problem. Natural News. com mentions that a 15 year-old boy with ADHD went to the hospital and was suffering from a seizure after drinking two bottles of Mountain Dew and his pill, but energy drinks have 3 to 5 times the amount of caffeine that sodas do. The claims warrants here are simple; something needs to be done to protect the younger population from troubling and unhealthy choices. In conclusion, claimsmakers want restrictions on energy drinks to make it harder for young adults to consume; thus a healthier America. Energy drink consumption seems to be the cigarette of their generation for a lot of young people. Just how cigarettes ended up with laws being made for them, it is very possible that energy drinks will get some kind of restriction on them. This debate on energy drink consumption has begun to get heated and forecasting a big change in policies for energy drinks are very possible in the near future. http://www. devonbate. com/energy-drinks-that-big-of-a-deal/ http://www. foxnews. com/health/2011/02/15/energy-drinks-harming-kids/ http://www. naturalnews. com/032786_energy_drinks_side_effects. html.

How Technology Has Become A Universal Value - 1414 Words

As I wait outside the Apple Store for my dad to find a parking space, my impatience grows. The sun beats down on me, causing beads of sweat to trickle down my forehead. I gaze longingly at the crowded store, itching to go inside. When someone mentions the word â€Å"apple,† the fruit is no longer the first thing that comes to mind. Millions have seen the iconic logo, and the love of technology has become a universal value. I’ve been here a thousand times, each time better than the last, resulting with me always looking forward to the next visit. I look on as a boy, decked out in a baseball uniform, runs down the street, screaming for his parents to catch up as he rushes into the store. I witness an elderly couple leave, with a look of awe, wonder, and slight confusion on both of their faces, after their experience with the newest and most innovative technology. Eager to get my birthday present, a laptop, I survey the bustling streets for my dad, wondering what could be taking him so long. Tapping my foot against the dirty sidewalk, I see people exit the store with bags filled with their newest prized possession, and a smile stretches across my face, knowing that is soon to be me. The loud honking and screeching tires of two black Range Rovers snaps me out of my trance. The minutes feel like hours, until finally, I see my dad’s tall and slender figure in the crowd. I hurry over to him, urging him to walk faster to the entrance. Pushing the immaculate, glass doors open, I rush intoShow MoreRelatedThe Improvement Of The Nhs962 Words   |  4 Pagespersonnel are doing and what technology they are bringing to the NHS to improve productivity. 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Income Inequality and Economic Growth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8608 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1: Introduction Economic growth is the result of abstention from current consumption. An economy produces a variety of commodities, and then income is generated through sales of products. The very same income is used to buy other products which generate income for other producers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Income Inequality and Economic Growth" essay for you Create order The very same income is used to buy a variety of commodities. The producers decide what to produce depending on their individual preferences and the distribution of income, initial endowments. In general, commodity production creates income, which creates the demand for those very same commodities. The cycle of production, consumption, saving, and investment that constantly regenerates itself is as old as human civilisation. In some cases, savers and investors are exactly the same individuals, using their own funds; in other cases, they are not. (51, Ray) The income inequality occurs because people in an economy differ from each other in many ways that are relevant to their incomes. These differences can be in forms of human capital (education and health), in where people live, in their ownership of physical capital, in the particular skills they have, and even in their luck. As explained above, economic growth and income inequality have a huge influence on each other. That is why th ere have been extensive studies in income distribution and its effect on other economic variables. Income distribution has always been considered to be an important topic because it tells us how incomes are distributed among the members of a population and allows the government to determine tax policies for redistribution to decrease inequality, or to implement social policies to reduce poverty. However, there are many debates about how reliable data is because they mainly are collected through surveys and the sources of errors are numerous. Furthermore, the income distribution measure, income gini-coefficient, does have its disadvantage because the best fit line method is used when representing the Lorenz curve which is used to calculate gini-coefficient. As outliers are ignored when a best-fit line is illustrated, the population in extreme poverty will not be accounted in income inequality measure. Thus, the measure of inequality may not be as accurate as it is believed to be. Bec ause of these data features, it is important to complement classical statistical procedures with robust ones. (Maria-pia, Victoria-Feser, 2000) No concrete theory yet exists to explain the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. Most empirical research on income inequality and economic growth tends to focus on imperfect market, the politics of redistribution, the size of the market. Benabou (1996) and others argued that imperfect capital markets can slow the economic growth by increasing the level of inequality. The main input of economic growth is investment generated by savings or borrowing credits. A result of imperfect capital markets is that the poor credit applicants with high expected rate of return projects have limited access to credit compared with rich applicants with the lower profitable projects. Therefore, the imperfect capital markets create a higher level of inequality and limit both quantity and quality of investments, thereby lowering economic growth. As capital markets are more likely to be imperfect in developing countries, this theory implies that developing countries economic growth is affected greater by income inequality than developed countries. Deininger and Squire find that land inequality reduces growth more in low income countries. However, the effects of income inequality on growth do not differ across high and low income countries. Moreover, contrary to the theory, Perotti (1996) finds that income inequality affects school enrolment more in rich countries than in poor countries. 143-144 I am particularly interested in how East Asian countries managed to develop so rapidly while maintaining low income inequality during late industrialisation. This is because compared with many orthodox economic theories and research based on many European and North American states during their industrialisation, what East Asian countries achieved is unprecedented. Furthermore, I believe that there are much more complicated reasons behind this unique achievement unlike the suggestions by 1993 World Bank Report, East Asian Miracle. In this report, the neoclassical economi sts in the World Bank gave much credit to the new developing theories and state-intervened economies on the surface, but they managed to transform and relate the state-intervention and policies in East Asia to the orthodox economic theory, and concluded that the rapid economic growth in East Asia is the result of market friendly economies and well-operated macroeconomic policies. They are not completely wrong but I have found that the explanations are very vague and inaccurate. There is no consistency in their arguments because they are trying to explain state-oriented capitalism in terms of market-led capitalism. In addition, there is an obvious cultural factor. Johnson and few other economists and historians argue that cultural difference between in the East and in the West might play a crucial role in explaining the East Asian Miracle. They argue that Confucianism confers certain advantages over other traditions in the quest for economic development. Because Confucian beliefs pla ce a high value on hard work, loyalty, respect for authority, and punctuality, these characteristics are thought to have facilitated the national consensus around high-speed economic growth in East Asian countries since the 1950s and 1960s. (Johnson, 1983:6-10; and the chapters by Lucien Pye, Gordon Redding, and Siu-lun Wong in Berger and Hsiao, 1988) I believe that an argument stated above can be a more influential factor of East Asian Miracle than arguments based on the orthodox economic theory. Thus, in this paper, I aim to investigate not only orthodox economic theories behind the East Asian development but also focus more on political economic perspective during the late industrialisation periods in East Asian countries, especially in Republic of Korea (Korea hereafter) and Singapore. The political economic view of East Asian countries were taken rather lightly compared with theoretical economic analysis because there have been only few social-politic studies in East Asia and t he presence of military regimes in many East Asian countries made it difficult for researchers to gather accurate information. The reason that I have chosen Korea and Singapore is that they both are in OECD countries, which makes it easier to collect more accurate and more quantity of data. Most of all, Korea and Singapore maintain the lowest income inequality level during the late industrialisation, but the income inequality level in two countries took a complete different direction after the Asian financial crisis in 1997/8. Singapores income inequality did get worsened but it still stayed at reasonably low level, whereas Koreas income inequality level shoot up and still remains quite high at this point. This paper will contain five sections. They are; introduction; orthodox economic theory behind income inequality and economic growth; political economic section which will illustrate the policies employed in Korea and Singapore to develop rapidly while maintaining the income inequ ality level low with empirical evidences; the effect that Asian financial crisis had on Korea and Singapore, especially on two countries income inequality level; conclusion. Chapter 2: Orthodox Economic theory In this section, I shall discuss the orthodox economic growth theories and whether or not South Korea and Singapore followed neo-classical theory guidelines. To begin with, I will explain what causes income inequality and the consequence of it. I will especially focus on the spill-over effects of income inequality on economic growth. The level of income inequality is one of the main economic concerns for economists as it is directly related to poverty and also has significant effect on economic growth: Assuming that the average level of income per capita maintains constant in a country, a higher degree of income inequality will mean that poor people are worse off. According to this observation with implication of Kuznets curve -the level of inequality rises until income per capita has surpassed a critical point- then in theory; economic growth can be bad for the population placed at the low end of income spectrum. Specifically, growths effect of raising the average level of income may be counteracted by a widening of inequality as the poorest people fall farther below the average. (Weil, Economic Growth) The empirical study carried out by David Dollar and Aart Kraay shows how average GDP and the degree of inequality work together to determine the income of the poor. Mexico in 1989 and South Korea in 1988 had almo st the same level of GDP per capita ($8,883 and $8,948) but because South Koreas income distribution is so much more equal than Mexicos, the average income of the poorest quintile in South Korea was twice as high as that in Mexico ($3,812 and $ 1,923). A similar effect is observed when comparing Taiwan and Mexico. This study illustrates that a countrys average level of GDP is the most influential factor of the incomes of the poor population. Thus, the empirical evidence suggests that poor people in a wealthy but unequal country are better off than poor people in a poor and egalitarian country. Dollar and Kraay assessed whether specific policies had different effects on the income of the poor versus overall income. Their key finding was that policies that affect growth for good or ill generally do not significantly affect the distribution of income. For example, rule of law and openness to trade raise overall income in a country and have positive but very minor effects on the share o f income going to the lowest quintile. Similarly, a high rate of inflation and a high level of government consumption are bad for overall income and reduce the share of income going to the poor.372 The orthodox economic theory on income inequality and economic growth is that highly unequal distributions are necessary condition for generating rapid growth. In fact, in the 1960s and then again to a more limited extent in the 1980s and early 1990s with the dominance of free-market economic theory and policy, the explicit and implicit acceptance of this proposition by economists from both developed and underdeveloped countries tended to turn their collective and individual attentions away from problems of poverty and income distribution. If wide inequalities are a necessary condition of maximum growth and if, in the long run, maximum growth is a necessary condition of rising standards of living for all, through the natural passed-down processes of competition and mixed economic systems, it follows that direct concern with the alleviation of poverty would be self-defeating. Needless to say, such a viewpoint, correct or not, provided a psychological, if not conscious, rationalisation for the accumulation of wealth by powerful elite groups. The basic economic argument to justify large income inequalities was that high personal and corporate incomes were necessary conditions of saving, which made possible investment and economic growth through mechanism such as the Harrod-Domar model. If the rich save and invest significant proportions of their incomes, while poor spend all their income on consumption goods, and if GNP growth rates are directly related to the proportion of national income saved, then apparently an economy characterised by highly unequal distributions of income would save more and grow faster than one with a more equitable distribution of income. 182 Simon Kuznets hypothesis also states that in the early phase of economic growth, especially that are growing at an abnormal rate, growth is generally associated with high levels of inequality. First, to generate the high savings rate that is a prerequisite of rapid growth, income, it is assumed, must be concentrated in the hands of relatively rich, whose marginal propensity to save is relatively high. Second, Simon Kuznets has suggested that as the labour force shifts from low-productivity sectors to high-productivity sectors, aggregate inequality initially increases substantially, decreasing only later. Contrary to this conventional wisdom, in East Asia rapid economic growth has been associated with relatively low and declining levels of income inequality. Improved equity is not unique to East Asia. What is unique is the combination of rapid growth with modest (and, in a few high performers, dramatic) improvements in equity and reduction in absolute poverty. Analysis of the high performing Asian economies has focused on their rapid growth over the past decades. Isolated studies on the distributive qualities of growth in a few of these countries exist, but not of the growth-equity nexus for the group as a whole. (Adelman and Robinson, 1978) The indicators show that the Asian hig h performers have been unusually successful in distributing the benefits of growth widely. (The key to the Asian Miracle, Making Shared Growth Credible, Jose Edgardo Capos, Hilton L. Root, 1996) The orthodox economic theory suggests that tax policies which directly affect saving rates will determine the economic growth rate depending on changes in the ratio of capital to labour. According to this theory, peoples incentives to save their income or wealth are influenced by the rate of returns to savings which effectively determines the income distribution. This theory would also imply that richer people are more encouraged to save their income or wealth in an economy with a regressive income tax. As a result of this, faster economic growth is achieved due to higher saving rates and thus higher level of investment driven by richer people. The rate of savings affects the long-run level of per capita income and, in many cases, the rate of growth of the economy. Thus the relationship between inequality and savings creates an additional channel through which inequality interacts with income and growth in income. The political force of the arguments presented here are also not to be taken lightly. The view that moderate or high inequalities in income distribution concentrate money in hands of those who are willing to save, accumulate, and invest, thereby boosting growth rate, has been used more than once to justify a hands-off approach by government in matters pertaining to redistributive taxation. However, there are opposing views as well, arguing that a certain degree of redistribution can actually enhance savings and push up growth rates. The effect of a reduction in income inequality on the rate of savings, and therefore in the rate of growth, is likely to be complex. High economic inequality might retard economic growth by setting up political demands for redistribution. Now redistributing might take one of two broad forms. First, a policy might aim to redistribute existing wealth among the broader population. A good example of this is land reform. If land is held very unequally, the government may have the option to simply confiscate land from large landowners and redistribute the confiscated land among smaller peasants or landless labourers. Likewise, it is possible to have confiscatory taxes that transfer large quantities of nonland wealth to the government, which are then redistributed to the poor. It goes without saying that the creation and implementation of such policies require extraordinary political will, as well as the availability of data on which to base such policies. Elected government officials with large land holdings are not uncommon, and even if they were uncommon, large landowners often act as vote banks, which swing the votes of an entire village or even a group of villages. In such situations, the enactment of a comprehensive land reform that would alleviate inequality becomes a very difficult proposition indeed. Even if the political will did exist, there are the almost insuperable difficulties of implementation. To redistribute large quantities of wealth, for instance, it is necessary to know who has the wealth. There exist enormous quantities of wealth that are not even subject to taxes, simply because the information base required to implement such taxes is nonexistent. Even when wealth takes the form of land, which is arguably highly observable, it is difficult to implement ownership ceilings. As a large and powerful landowner, I could parcel out my holdings in the names of various members of my family, so that each parcel fell below the legally imposed ceiling. Faced with these difficulties, most governments resort to redistributive policies that take an entirely different route: they tax increments to the shock of wealth, rather than the existing wealth base. Thus marginal rates of tax on high income purchase of various products, and business profits are taxed as well. These taxes, imposed as they are on the margin, tend to bring down the rate of investment and therefore the rate of economic growth. Chapter 3: Political economic theory In this section, I shall concentrate on three policies which were probably the main driving force behind rapid economic growth while maintaining low level of income inequality. They are Land Reform and Agricultural policy, Public-Housing policy and Education. These three political acts shaped up the main foundation in the early stage of economic development and because of this solid foundation; Korea and Singapore were able to achieve their current economic status in the international arena. Many people, in general, believe that industry, not agriculture, can only facilitate the economic growth and agriculture constrains the economic growth to some extent. I will attempt to argue that agriculture and industry are equally able to constrain or facilitate economic development, but that agriculture is perhaps more important in the earlier stages of development, while industry is possibly more important in the latter. In doing so, I attempt to emphasise the importance of land reform in th e earlier phase of development and how South Korea and Singapore achieved it. Public-housing policy is rather more relevant to Singapores case than of South Korea. Today, over 85% of Singapore population resides in housing provided by the government since its public housing policy began in 1930s. The initial quality of housing was poor, but the continuous revolutionary programme since 1960s dramatically improved living conditions. The success of public housing policy, thus the positive spill-over effect of the programme on income inequality and economic growth will be discussed more in detail later on. High level of education, thus high quality of human capital in East Asia has always been on top of the list whenever the driving force of East Asian Miracle was discussed. Thus, I will further investigate why the education is considered to be so much more important in East Asia compared to other developing countries and the effect education on income inequality and economic growth. Ho wever, most of all, the authoritarian political background of Korea and Singapore government must be stressed before the three policies are discussed. This is because without the complete control that President Park, Jung-Hee had in Korea and Peoples Action Party had in Singapore, these policies would not have had its full effect. Government intervention can determine four general areas of distribution of income. They are as follows; Functional distribution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the returns to labour, land, and capital as determined by factor prices, utilisation levels, and the consequent shares of national income that accrue to the owners of each factor. Size distribution- the functional income distribution of an economy translated into a size distribution by knowledge of how ownership and control over productive assets and labour skills are concentrated and distributed throughout the population. The distribution of these asset holdings and skill endowments ultimately determines the distribution of personal income. Moderating (reducing) the size distribution at the upper levels through progressive taxation of personal income and wealth. Such taxation increases government revenues and converts a market-and asset- determined level of personal income into a fiscally corrected disposal personal income. An individual or familys disposable income is the actual amount available for expenditure on goods and services and for saving. Moderating (increasing) the size distribution at the lower levels through public expenditures of tax revenues to raise the incomes of the poor either directly (e.g. by outright money transfer) or indirectly, through public employment creation or the provision of free or subsidised primary education and health care for both men and women. Such public policies raise the real income levels of the poor above their market-determined personal income levels. 189 A contribution which agriculture makes to economic development is known as factor contribution which is related to functional distribution. This can be divided into a further two contributions labour contribution and capital contribution. Labour contribution is defined as the phenomenon when agricultural productivity improves and surplus labour form the agricultural sector is released in to the industrial sector. Yao (2006) noted that in pre-reform China this was not so as labour could not be immediately transferred from one sector to another. In Chinas case this resulted in depressed agricultural labour productivity and large underutilised human capital. In terms of capital contribution Thirlwall (2006) explains that capital contribution can be via voluntary investment in machinery or via involuntary contributions in the form of taxes. One way in which agriculture may constrain economic development is through the product contribution of forward linkage effect, wherein the agriculture sector is responsible for providing raw material, capital and labour for the rest of the economy (Todaro, 2006, 819). Economic development is characterised by a substantial increase in demand for agricultural products, and if the expansion in food supplies (Johnston, 1961, 567) cannot meet demand, then economic growth will be stunted: there will be a significant rise in food prices, leading to pressure on wage rates, which could adversely affect industrial profits, investment and hence economic growth; it could also cause political discontent (Johnston, 1961, 573). This pressure on wage rates can have extremely adverse effects in undeveloped countries where food has a dominant position as a wage good. Structuralists would argue this was at least in part due to a growing population putting pressure on food supplies, coupled with supply inelasticities (Thirwall, 2006, 452). A reliance on exports may also develop. Growth of demand for food is particularly significant as high rates of population growth (1.5%-3%) characterise most of the worlds developing countries, as the decline in death rates, due to increased medical knowledge and application, is frequently much sharper than the fall in birth rates (Johnston, 1980, 572). However, it is worth considering Engelss law at this point, which states that the income elasticity for primary commodities is in elastic; the implication being that as individuals, and a countrys income rise, they will spend proportionally less on these commodities (Thirwall, 2006, 550) and agriculture will become a less important component of economic development. Furthermore, the share of agriculture is GDP falls as per capita income increases; labour share also declines. Nevertheless, income elasticity for food tends to be considerably less elastic for developing countries in comparison with developed ones- 0.6 versus 0.2 or 0.2 Western Europe, the U.S and Canada (Johnston, 1961, 572), suggesting that at least in the short-run, or in the early stages of development, a lack of ability to provide product contribution could mean that agriculture is a main constraint to economic growth. Engels law also has implications for the foreign exchange contribution argument: which states that a country which primarily exports primary commodities will automatically suffer a balance of payments deterioration if there is a growth in world income, vis-ÃÆ'  -vis the balance of payments of a developed country largely exporting industrial goods (Thirwall, 2006, 550), as purported by the Singer-Prebisch thesis, whose import substitution industrialisation hypothesis advocates that developing countries replace imported industrial goods with their own domestically-produced versions. Furthermore, countries will have a heavy reliance on agricultural exports, particularly those which have a heavy reliance on one particular export, such as coffee, tea or fruits, are at the mercy of environmental factors within their own countries, as well as trade barriers and changes in taste, internationally. However, a long-run goal of diversifying from a reliance on one or two export crops can lesse n this vulnerability (Johnston, 1961, 575). In addition, primary commodities typically are the greatest source of foreign exchange and foreign exchange is needed to fund development projects (Todaro, 2006, 69). It is also worth noting that some countries have a marked comparative advantage in agriculture and that in these, a reliance on agricultural exports does not necessarily constraining at all. In some ways, agriculture is in fact an enabler of economic development as it can provide inter-sectoral transfers to faster growing industrial sectors, vis-ÃÆ'  -vis labour or capital transfers. As non-industrial sectors grow, they will need an increased quantity of labour, and whilst the assumption of the Lewis two-sector model that labour supply is perfectly elastic can never be entirely true (due to, lack of transferable skills, or cultural factors, such as an unwillingness on the part of women to move away from their families), it is likely that during the earlier stages of development at least, labour will be drawn from the agricultural sector, as there will be fewer other sources (Johnston, 1961, 576). This loss of labour might in turn provide incentives for agricultural sectors to become more productive, though investment from some source will obviously be necessarily to enable this. However, empirical evidence would appear to suggest that capital, rather than labour is th e main limiting factor to industrial growth, at least in the case of Japan, where taxes levied on the agricultural sector constituted 80% of the tax burden and were used to subsidise the creation of a merchant and shipbuilding industry, as well as investments in railways and education. (Johnston, 1961, 578) This evidentially, presents an example of agriculture enabling, not constraining economic development. However, using agriculture in this way to provide capital for industrialisation inhibits the farming sector from aiding economic development in another way; namely through market contribution, otherwise known as the backward linkage effect, where the agricultural sector generates a demand for industrial products, such as fertilisers, insecticides, machinery, transportation and so on, positively impacting on the economy as a whole. In fact, in the early stages of development, the agricultural sector is likely to provide the largest market for industrial goods. Hence, if a countrys agricultural sector is very largely subsistence, as it is in many developing countries, with farmers able to afford very few of such capital inputs, then agriculture may indeed be the main constraint to economic development. (Thirwall, 2006) Thirwall in fact goes as far to say that, a precondition for rapid industrial growth is a rapidly expanding agricultural sector (2006) Some economists, such as Hirschman, have argued that there are in fact higher linkage effects in the industrial, rather than the agricultural sector and in particular, that in many less developed countries, linkages are to be found within manufacturing industries, but not between industry and agriculture. According to Hirschman idea of Unbalanced Growth, the key to economic development is investment in a leading sector, an industrial sector with high linkages, rather than in agriculture. A problem with this however, is the previously-mentioned inflation, due to lack of coordination between supply and demand. Propagating a single industry might indeed lead to the similar problems with lack of trade diversification that occur when primary commodities are the sole export. As a consequence of land reform, Korea has enjoyed a reputation among countries as one with a relatively equitable income distribution (World Bank, 1983). In1945, when Korea was liberated from Japan and soon afterwards partitioned into South and North, about 80 per cent of the labour force in South Korea was engaged in agricultural and less than 3 per cent in the mining, manufacturing and construction sector. Under these circumstances, two land reforms in 1947 and 1949 meant the collapse of a traditional social order based on land, especially a rice-cultivating society, and the start of a new social order. Furthermore, the Korean War (1950-1953) had a profound impact on South Korean society, destroying existing capital stocks and levelling out the distribution of non-agricultural assets, and leaving the majority of Koreans in destitution. (Pg9 Korea housing) In a rather elaborate simulation-planning exercise, Irma Adelman and Sherman Robinson have investigated the interactive effects of various rural development programmes on income distribution and poverty South Korea. Land reform is one component. (Adelman and Robinson, 1978) Their objective was to determine what types of programmes would yield the largest impact over the medium term. They constructed a basic model of the Korean economy, taking great pains to calibrate it so that its predictions came close to actual outcomes over a predetermined period. In essence, the basic model was made to mimic the development of the Korean economy over a nine-year period, 1964 to 1972. The result is significant. First, among the individual programmes, land reform has the most favourable impact on income distribution. Second, land reform and the public works and small-scale industry programmes are much more effective in reducing poverty than are the other programmes. Third, promoting rural development, that is, implementing all the simulated programmes, leads to greater reductions in the incidence of poverty and income di sparities than either of the two programmes taken individually or jointly. And fourth, without land reform, rural development programmes would be less successful at addressing both poverty and income inequality. (The key to the Asian Miracle, 55) Therefore, the inequality in landholdings is resulting in inequality in all spheres of economic activity, social and political life. The inequality in landownership is leading to inequality of other productive assets also. The inequality is further resulting in un-equal access to the much needed agricultural inputs like credit etc. (Krishna Rao, Growth and Inequality in Agriculture, 1991, 55) Nevertheless, Alice Amsden argues that the reputation of Korea as a country with low income inequality might be due to false information for three reasons: (1) The value of real estate and other assets, which lends to appreciate with inflation, rose more rapidly in the 1970s than wages. Because this value is excluded from income and these assets tend to be owned by higher income earners, the treatment of such assets is likely to result in the understatement of inequality. (2) The equivalent of the United States Internal Revenue Service in Korea sometimes includes and sometimes excludes from the calculation of personal income, capital gains, rent, and interest payments. Such income is also taxed differently from wage income. (3) It was possible until 1988 to open bank accounts in Korea under an assumed name. Nevertheless, land reform did respond to the ancient cry for egalitarianism. When Korea was an overwhelmingly agrarian country, land reform undoubtedly contributed to greater equi ty in size distribution of income. In the late 1930s, 3% of all farm households had owned over two thirds of all land, whereas ten years later. Fewer than 7% of all households were landless (Ben et al, 1980). (Asias Next Giant, Amsden, 38) In addition, Korea has unusually high levels of aggregate economic concentration and of wage inequality by international standards. The process of measuring equality in Korea is vexed by institutional factors. It is undeniable that the Korean state played a central role in the countrys economic development through its cunning use of state-created rents as an instrument for industrial development. Of course, such a result was only possible because the Korean state was a strong state which could discipline firms whenever necessary. It has often been suggested that the Korean state could become strong because the countrys historical development left a social structure with no powerful social classes to contest state power. (Ha Joon Jang, the East Asian development experience, 95) Another example of a significant state role in maintaining low income inequality is an agricultural pricing control. The typical price support programme consists in offering guaranteed procurement prices at which the government stands ready to buy food grain. The idea, of course, is to increase the marketed surplus of grain. At the same time, governments often are unwilling to pass on these prices to urban consumers, partly because these consumers are typically incensed by higher prices and partly because of the effect on the industrial wage. Thus price support programmes are usually accompanied by a subsidy to urban consumers: the procured food is sold at or below market prices by the government. Of course, someone has to pay for this subsidy, and it usually comes out of the government budget. An alternative option is to maintain an overvalued exchange rate. The overvaluation is kept in place by tariff or quota-based restrictions on imports. The implication of overvaluation is that the prices of exports are kept artificially low in terms of the domestic currency. If the country is a food exporter, this policy has the effect of discouraging food exports and shifting food sales into the domestic market. The policy has sufficient opacity about it-farmers may not be aware that the exchange rate is overvalued and reduces their export earnings- and it has the desired impact of making food available to urban consumers without a price rise. 369 Singapore governments public housing policy played a major role in achieving rapid economic growth because public housing policy both directly and indirectly provided opportunities for foreign investments. Singapore government unlike Korean government focused on gathering funds from foreign investors because their belief was that the multinational companies are able to present an opportunity to open up world markets to Singapore; thus increasing Singapores reputation in the international arena as well as providing the sufficient skilled and relatively well-paid jobs for the population; and hence, to upgrade the economy quickly through value-added activities (Reference). The multinational companies were not only attracted by the business environment and incentives in Singapore but also an opportunity to make greater profit presented by the Peoples Action Party (PAP) policies. Two arguments are put forward by Castells, Goh and Kwok that pub lic housing policy managed to keep the costs of operation for foreign investors. First, the public housing lowered the costs of living. The workers were able to rent house at relatively low prices, thus the wage rates in Singapore were not as high as other industrialising countries. With low wage rates, companies were not restricted to lowering quality of labour when employing workers to expand or set up businesses. The empirical example given by Castells et al illustrates this. Although real income increased during the early stage of industrialisation, public housing rentals set in 1960 (at as low as 15 Singapore dollar per month for one-room emergency flat) were not adjusted until 1979, and selling prices of public flats set in 1964 were not adjusted until 1974. In addition, the provision and development of package of relatively high standards of other human and social services, such as educational, health, recreational and other community facilities, in conjunction with public ho using further subsidised the workers costs of living. (Reference) Second, public housing helped develop a complete network of urban infrastructure. State investments and subsidies into creating and improving industrial sites and services and other infrastructures such as railway system and roads around industrial sites reduced overhead and operating costs of the investing companies. Ssc The state investment also assisted the expansion of other industrial and commercial activities. This is another prime example of usage of forward/backward linkage effect. Singapore government not only managed to facilitate environments for investors but also provided bigger markets for domestic businesses that were at the early stage of expansion. Castells et al supports the second argument with an example of the Jurong Town Cooperation and the Housing Development Board (HDB). The Jurong Town Cooperation was established in 1968 as a spin-off from the Economic Development Board specifically to develop industrial sites and services, factories and living quarters for workers. However, the scope of the Cooperation was limited to assisting particularly the heavier industries and all industries within the industrial town of Jurong. Meanwhile, as the major landlord and developer in the republic, the Housing Development Board (HDB) was, in effect, largely responsible for the orderly coordination and development of almost the entire network of urban infrastructure and services, including the provision of sites and factories for light and non-polluting industries in the new towns. (Reference) Therefore, all these public-housing-led developments and services created a sophisticated level of social and urban services that formed the very basis of industrialisation and human capital productivity. These infrastructural investments subsidised a relatively high standard of living for the labour force. Moreover, the infrastructure supported the rapid growth of industrial and commercial activiti es that further enhanced Singapores image as a prospective investment locale, as well as an active business and financial centre, in the region. Public housing has also contributed to Singapores economic development in the area of capital formation. Funding for all the public construction by the HDB and other public development agencies came from the tremendous savings accumulated through the Central Provident Fund (CPF). 305 Besides economic regulation and government intervention on the supply side of economic development, Singapore also has a significant sui generis welfare state. There are no welfare payments, and no unemployment insurance, although there is low unemployment, and the high rate of labour force participation and persistence of strong family ties enable the family structure to provide for most of the victims of economic recessions. The real extent of the welfare state in Singapore includes housing, health, and education. Primary education is almost universal and costs a low nominal fee. Secondary education is free and expanding rapidly. However, its provision is restricted to those children able to pass an examination at the end of primary school, a procedure that epitomises Singapores meritocratic system. University education remains the domain of meritocratic elite, clearly modelled after Oxbridge pattern. Health care is of moderate to good quality and provided almost free for class C p eople (low-income). Classes B and A have to pay higher fees, although since 1985 they have been able to use their CPF contributions to pay for hospital costs. However, people can decide that they are class C and pay a normal fee, without account being taken of their income, provided that they accept the standard conditions of public health care, certainly lower than the technological level of Singapore. Yet the system clearly exceeds any other in the ASEAN region and in most of Asia in quality and affordability. In terms of housing, 85% of the population live in public housing at affordable prices. Although these high-density high à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"rise living quarters, they are well equipped with facilities, organised o the basis of self-sustaining new towns. Housing units are provided at a cost estimated to be as much as 40% lower than equivalent accommodation in the private sector. This is mainly because of the low cost of land purchased by the Housing Development Board, and the economies of scale achieved by a comprehensive programme that clears land, designs buildings, produces its own construction materials, contracts and supervises the builders, and manages and maintains the housing estates. The Housing and Development Board is actually the manager of Singapores everyday life. Government provision of collective consumption goods and services also includes open-air activities, cultural and recreational facilities, and institutional support for social life through the community centres that exist in most neighbourhoods and particularly in the new towns. By decisively intervening in the process of social consumption, the government provides the material basis for raising the standard of living in spite of low direct wages for the majority of the population (about 70% of Singaporean workers till earn less than $400 per month). In so doing, the state also shapes the pattern of social life and exercises its control and guidance of people, a matter with consid erable policy implications. 188 The most important factor that facilitated the creation of the massive and comprehensive public housing programme in Singapore was the effective implementation and enforcement of the compulsory land-acquisition policies, based on eminent domain. This stringent land policy of compulsory land acquisition has limited land speculation during a period of tremendous economic growth, kept public development of sizable and more efficient satellite towns and housing estates. It has also contributed to the creation of a captive demand market. Between 1961 and 1985, the HDB managed to clear almost $1200milion Singaporean dollar. This provides an idea of the extent of the captive nature of the demand market. The land-acquisition policy has served to redistribute wealth and resources in Singapore. Acquisition made at the expense of private landowners has enabled the government to assemble land for the development of the massive public housing programme, providing the opportunity for homeownership to almost the entire citizenry. Besides, unless government assists in acquisition, clearance, resubdivision of land and planning, the private sector on its own will have great difficulty in obtaining choice sites for proper development, thereby giving indirect rise to urban sprawl (Head, Urban and Renewal Department, HDB, in Strits Times 18 April 1967) The Land Acquisition Ordinance was first passed in 1920 to empower the British Governor of Singapore to acquire private land for public purposes (Wong and Yeh, 1985, page 40). It was amended in 1946 and again in 1955 to give the government greater power to negotiate more comprehensive land acquisitions. These amendments helped to stabilise land pri ces and made possible the improvement of roads and the development of public housing and other public improvement projects. 267-268 On the contrary, housing in Korea was not an issue in political and social debate until at least early 1940s. The quality of housing was limited by the availability of materials and the skills of self-builders, but homelessness and housing tenure were unlikely to be a problem. After independence from Japan and partition in 1945 and the Korean War (1950-1953), the quality and quantity of housing was incredibly low. Although housing is an extremely important aspect of human life, it ranks below nourishment. Food, clothing, and therefore economic growth were more urgent and necessary requirements. Although housing was scarce and of a poor quality as a whole, the assumption of the government was that increased household income would be transferred into effective demands for new, decent housing, which builders would supply, increasing the number of households accommodated in decent houses. Given the constraints of defence expenditure, the housing sector had to be insulated from other inve stment for economic growth. This lack of money available for expenditure on housing by the government has constrained Korea to more negative means of coping with housing problems, such as regulations and controls, rather than positive means, such as direct supply or subsidies. The lack of resources also conditioned the public sector into closer collaboration with the market. The government adopted the private ownership solution mainly because there was no money available. As a means of keeping living costs and wages under control and raising labour productivity, the Korean government adopted food subsidies and mass investment in education, rather than subsidising housing like in Singapore. In 1969, for instance, the government launched the dual grain price programme, buying at higher prices from farmers and selling at lower prices to urban workers. At that time, those policies were more efficient given local circumstances. Until the 1970s, household expenditure on foods accounted fo r over 50 per cent of household income, while that on housing accounted for less than 15 per cent. (Economic Growth, Low Income and Housing in South Korea, Kim Woo-Jin, 1997, 106) Furthermore, the Korean government began to encourage urban renewals as a counter-measure against the economic downturn. Subsequently, general price inflation led by a real estate boom recorded the highest level in a decade. Land, office buildings and real estate in general were demanded not only for use but also for proving wealth. A large proportion of domestic savings was being switched from investment in industry to speculative investment in real estate. Moreover, government regulations over housing price and housing standards created conditions in which management of house builders focused increasingly on the speculative skills of buying land, selling at the right time, arranging favourable deals with subcontractors, and lobbying to change land use under the name of land banking. High inflation under the faltering economy led the government to give the highest priority in national policy to price stabilisation from 1879. In order to stabilise price increases, the government launched a tight monetary and fiscal policy. As a result of the policy, public-sector housing suppliers faced a serious scarcity of funds. With respect to the consumption side, demands for owner-occupation were declining because of deteriorating economic conditions, especially in moderate- and middle-income sectors. (Economic Growth, Low Income and Housing in South Korea, Kim Woo-Jin, 1997, 114) Compared with PAPs policy in Singapore, South Korean government took quite different methodology and approach to tackle the distribution and economic development issues. South Korean government chose to mainly control the food price in order to dampen the pressure of living costs and left the housing industry to the supply and demand of the market, whereas Singaporean government chose to subsidise in housing market in order to increase disposable income of those who are at low end of wage spectrum. Education As I briefly mentioned in introduction, the cultural factor, especially the dominance of Confucianism, may be the only explanation behind the high level of education in East Asia. Confucius teaching background is evident in his emphasis on the power of education to bring about self-transformation. Confucius believed education helped people open their minds and realize their potential to become noble people in tune with the will of Heaven and in tune with other people. Education is so important to Confucianism that it is one of the primary methods used to reach a higher state of being. Confucius believed studying the liberal arts could create a better-rounded person, with each field of study helping to strengthen a specific aspect of personality. Education included study of six areas: poetry, to refine thought and expression; history, for understanding tradition and developing moral judgment; ritual, for understanding propriety; music, for inner transformation; politics, for social tr ansformation; and cosmology, for achieving harmony with the sacred forces. (Confucianism 101, L.E. Terry, 2005) Based on these facts, the cultural factor cannot be neglected as a minor suggestion when explaining reasons for the high level of education and thus accumulation of human capital. There is a strong possibility that East Asian governments would have known that the accumulation of human capital is crucial for economic growth, but the investment figures of Korea and Singapore in education are unprecedented in any developing countries as well as any developed countries while they were in developing process. Studies on the economics of education in both developed and developing nations formerly focused on the link among education, labour productivity, and output growth. This is not surprising in light of an objective of development during the 1950s and 1960s, the maximisation of aggregate rates of output growth. As a result impact of absolute poverty was largely neglected. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that contrary to what might have been assumed, the educational systems of many developing nations sometimes act to increase rather than to decrease income inequalities. The basic reason for this perverse effect of formal education on income distribution is the positive correlation between level of education and level of lifetime earnings. This correlation holds especially for workers who are able to complete secondary and university education where income differentials over workers who have completed only part or all of their primary education can be on the order of 300% to 800%. And as levels of earned income are clearly dependent on years of completed schooling, it follows that large income inequalities will be reinforced if students from the middle and upper income brackets are represented disproportionately in secondary and university enrolments. In short, it for financial or other reasons the poor are effectively denied access to secondary and higher educational opportunities, the educational system can actually perpetuate and even increase inequality in developing countries. Educational economist John Simmons gives the following sketch of how the poor are beginning to regard education: Schooling, the poor quickly learn, in most countries, is an escape from poverty for only a few. The poor are the first to drop out because they need to work, the first to be pushed out because they fall asleep in class as one result of malnourishment, and the first to fail their French and English tests because upper income children have had better opportunities at home. The hope brought to village parents by the construction of the primary school fades. Enough schooling to secure steady, even menial job for their son, let alone for their daughter, seems just beyond their grasp. Beforeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ any schooling would have done to achieve their aspiration. Now a primary school certificate is needed, and some are saying that even students with some secondary schooling cannot get a steady job; and they could never afford to send their son away to town for secondary schooling. There are two fundamental economic reasons why one might suspect that many LECD educational systems inherently inegalitarian, in the sense that poor affluent students have less chance of completing any given educational cycle than more affluent students. First, the private costs of primary education (especially in view of the opportunity cost of a childs labour to poor families) are higher for poor students than for more affluent students. Second, the expected benefits of primary education are lower for poor students. Together, the higher costs and lower expected benefits of education mean that a poor familys rate of return from investment in a childs education is lower than it is for other families. The poor are therefore more likely to drop out during the early years of schooling. Korea and Singapore appear to beat this cycle and have industrialised rapidly because they have invested relatively heavily in education. Educational investments resulted in universal primary education and in widely available secondary education. In addition, the quality of schooling has improved more rapidly in the East Asian economies than in other middle-income economies; as fertility rates fell in the 1970s, education spending per child rose sharply even as education expenditure as a percentage of GNP remained constant or, in some cases, declined. In Korea and Singapore, the school-age percentage of the population dropped by nearly half from 1965 to 1989. (East Asian Miracle, World Bank Report, 20) As argued by Young (1995) and Nelson and Pack (1999), coupled with factor accumulations in physical capital and labour force, an increase in human capital through improved educational levels accounts for the fast economic growth experienced by Korea. The proportion of the Korean workfo rce with a secondary education has tripled between the mid- 1960s and mid-1990s. This high level of education has enabled the labour force to absorb rapid changes in technology. Moreover, education has played a pivotal role in improving productivity in agriculture and industry within the Korean economy. (Asian Development Report) A well-educated work force, both white- and blue-collar, is a general property of late industrialisation, distinguishing it from earlier industrial change. (Alice Amsden, Asias Next Giant, 216) Clearly, late-industrialising countries tend to promote greater accessibility to education than was customary in earlier periods of industrial expansion. What is noteworthy here is the relative pre-eminence of Korea, by contemporary standards, in this area of social progress. Even among late-industrialising countries, Korea tends to excel in most indices of education, standardised for population size: secondary students as a percent of eligible secondary-age students , scientists and engineers per capita, and so on. Korea scores higher in most educational indicators than even Singapore, which adopted a high-skill growth strategy before Korea. Nevertheless, there is also drawback of having many high educated workforces. Over 95% of eighteen-year-old children graduate from high schools, and more than 70% of them advance to higher education institutions. The result of this is that many employers consider an undergraduate degree as a minimum requirement and thus over half of undergraduates carry on their studying to further education level in order to make themselves more employable. This effectively creates further education costs that poor students cannot afford. Moreover, Korean society runs in culture of In-maek, which is alumni relations. The statics show that the students who graduated from Seoul University, Yonsei University and Korea University Chapter 4: After Asian financial crisis Explaining the Recent rise in income inequality (Weil,380) The technological advance is the main driving force in the recent rise in income inequality. As with other increases in technological progress, information technology increased the rate of return to certain characteristics of workers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" most importantly education. Computers complemented the skills that educated workers already possessed, making such workers more productive, while doing little to raise the productivity of uneducated workers. In 1993, for example, 70% of workers with a college education used a computer in their jobs, while only 10% of workers with less than high school education did so. The new technology also created a fluid situation in which there was a high return to flexibility or entrepreneurial spirit.